1.2.1 Discussion consists in the putting forward of a conception and

counter-conception, in which there is supporting and condemning by

means of proofs and reasoning,- neither of which is quite opposed

to the main doctrine ( or thesis) and both of which are carried on

in full accordance with the method of reasoning through the Five

Factors.

 

1.2.2 Disputation is that which is endowed with the said characteristics

and in which there is supporting and condemning by means of casuistry,

futile rejoinder and clinches (also).

 

1.2.3 That same Disputation is Wrangling when there is no establishing

of the counter conception.

 

1.2.4 (1) The Savyabhichara (Inconclusive), (2) The Viruddha (Contradictory)

(3) The Prakaranasama (Neutralised), (4) The Sadhyasama (unknown),

and the Kalatita (Mistimed)- are the Fallacious Probans.

 

1.2.5 The Inconclusive is that which is tainted by indecision.

 

1.2.6 A certain doctrine ( or view) having been accepted, the Probans that

is contradictory to it is called the 'Contradictory'.

 

1.2.7 The Neutralised Probans is that which is put forward to establish

a definitive conclusion, while it is one that only gives rise to

suspense (and vascillation) in regard to the point at issue.

 

1.2.8 The Unknown Probans is that which, being still to be proved, is not

different from the Probandum.

 

1.2.9 The Belated or Mistimed Probans is that which ,as adduced, is behind

time.

 

1.2.10 Casuistry consisits in opposing a proposition by assigning to it a

meaning other than the one intended.

 

1.2.11 It is of three kinds- (a) Varkchhala, Verbal Casuistry,

(b)Samanyachchhala, Generalising Casuistry, and (c) Upacharachchhala,

Figurative Casuistry.

 

1.2.12 (A) Verbal Casuistry consists in assuming a meaning other than that

intended to be conveyed by a word,- when the meaning (intented) is

not definitely specified.

 

1.2.13 (B) Generalising Casuistry consists in the urging of an absurd

signification, which is rendered possible by the use of a too

generic term.

 

1.2.14 (C) A Statement being made on the basis of the secondary (figurative)

denotation of words, if it is opposed by a denial of the existense

of what is asserted ( on the basis of their primary denotation),

this constitutes figurative (or shifting) casuistry.

 

1.2.15 "Figurative Casuistry is only Verbal Casuistry; as it does not differ

from it".

 

1.2.16 It is not so; as there is a difference in it.

 

1.2.17 If the two were to be regarded as non different on the ground of

some kind of similarity,-there would be only one kind of Casuistry.

 

1.2.18 Futile Rejoinder is that objection which is taken on the basis

of mere similarity and dissimilarity.

 

1.2.19 It is a case of Clinchere when there is misapprehension, as also

when there is incomprehension.

 

1.2.20 There is a multiplicity of Futile Rejoinders and Clinchers, owing two

there being several and diverse varieties of both.